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Mayor de Blasio wants to raise taxes to fund universal, full day pre K for all 4 year olds in New York City. In the budget he released Tuesday, Gov. Cuomo pledged to spend state tax dollars to make pre K universal statewide.
The state's two most powerful men disagree on how to get the money but are united on the policy goal: They are absolutely sure pre K is essential to closing the achievement gap and, ultimately, reducing economic inequality.
Unfortunately, their enthusiasm is misplaced. The best research we have raises serious questions about the effectiveness of universal pre K. This is not an ideological assertion; it's based on evidence and evidence alone.
Rigorous evaluations of the federal Head Start program have long shown that gains made during the preschool years tend to fade when children get to kindergarten and first grade. Pre K advocates know this,lojas de tenis, which is why they say the type of early education they want to offer is "high quality" and "full day." But evaluations of so called high quality state preschool programs have mixed results, too. In fact, studies that use rigorous,lancamento air max 2013, randomized designs show the same results as for Head Start: Gains do not last beyond the pre K year.
Let's dig deeper. In the language of pre K advocates,hogan rebel uomo, "high quality" programs are those approved by cities or states and run by local public schools. degrees of its teachers.
"High quality" programs typically are connected to the local school system. degrees and a state approved curriculum.
The potential distinction between Head Start and its state and city run cousins became a focal point after rigorous national evaluations found that Head Start impacts, which were significant during the pre K year, tended to fade once kids entered school.
This does not mean that Head Start children stopped learning, but that children who did not have Head Start tended to "catch up" with the Head Start children within a year or two.
Meantime, early evaluations of several state and city programs, particularly those in New Jersey; Tulsa, Okla.,tenis da naique, and Boston, appeared to find much larger impacts than the typical Head Start program.
A revelation, right? A breakthrough? Wrong.
These studies did not use the rigorous,jordan tenis, randomized designs considered the research "gold standard." Instead, they excluded children who dropped out for various reasons, either because the programs were too demanding or because their families were highly mobile. Since dropouts usually have lower cognitive skills than non dropouts, their absence in the samples inflate results for the pre K group as a whole.
Last summer, Tennessee's "high quality" universal pre K program published an evaluation using the far better randomized design, and it confirmed the suspicion. It found that kids' gains faded.
There are other reasons to believe that the distinction between Head Start and "high quality" programs is artificial. The national Head Start study showed slightly higher classroom quality ratings than the New Jersey program. degree on preschool outcomes, and it has never been found critical. This corresponds to common sense, given the types of skills taught in preschool (letters, numbers, word recognition).
There is a great need to decrease educational inequality between disadvantaged and middle class children. This is why Head Start targets low income children. But if the primary goal of preschool is to reduce achievement gaps, it makes no sense at all to offer, at public expense, preschool for all children. 2, 2012, where same sex marriage is legal.
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Battery powered headband approved to prevent migraines Migraine sufferers now have a drug free solution for their splitting headaches. The Food and Drug Administration on Tuesday approved Cefaly, a battery powered plastic headband, as the first device intended to prevent the throbbing pain associated with migraine.
NYPD 'biggest gang in New York' says The remorseless Brooklyn fare beater who shot a rookie cop disparaged the city's Finest as "the biggest gang in New York,air mex," which is "always messing with black people," according to court documents released Tuesday.
'Glee' pays tribute to Cory Monteith in Nationals episode Finn Hudson has joined the undead. No,tenis nike air max 2009, the late Cory Monteith's 'Glee' character hasn't lurched onto 'The Walking Dead' looking for a bite of Rick.相关的主题文章：
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Three female slaves, one held for more than 30 years, have been discovered in London after one contacted a charity run by Aneeta Prem (pictured) They were released in October when one of the women called Charity after seeing a documentary about forced marriage on television. The Independent said she spoke of a 'friend' being unwell, but did not reveal that she and the two others were being held captive. |
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